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OLD GLORY 



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"By angel hands to valor given" 




Figure p. 

FLAG AS MADE BY PUPILS 



a 



OLD GLORY 



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THE FLAG OF OUR COUNTRY 



: 



A Study in History and a Lefr****"' 



Folding 



ALSO 



Some Easy Lessons in Cutting: and Folding 



' C2?WASfl«S*' 



DR. ALBERT ELIAS MALTBY, A. M., C. E., 

FRINCIFAL OF SLIFFERY ROCK STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 



^S^V-X 



SLIPPERY ROCK, PA. 

THE SIGNAL 

1894 




Y[°L<\ 



right 1894 by Albert E. Maltby. 
All rights reserved. 



PREFACE. 

The author of these pages has endeavored to supply, in. a convenient form for the class room, 
such data concerning the history of our flag as he considered most useful to the progressive teacher. 
During the years in which he has been engaged in teaching, various drawings have been made by 
him, and, in the following pages these have been placed at the service of teachers. It is believed 
that love of country and reverence for our flag should be inculcated in all the work of our schools. 

Of course something beside a per cent examination or a diploma is needed to fit a teacher for the 
kind of work required in teaching patriotism in our public schools. The teacher must feel the senti- 
ment individually, and heart and soul must be in the effort. The beautiful ceremony of the "Saluta- 
tion of the Flag," educative, inspiring, and uplifting as it most certainly is, should not be confined 
to the Industrial Schools of New York City. Each child in pur public schools needs this daily re- 
minder of his duties and his privileges. The study of the national flag as a thing of beauty is some- 
thing that should be undertaken by teachers, so that they will not, at least, as we have heard con- 
cerning one hypercritical instrixctor. teach that the colors in our flag are not such as harmonize. Be- 
yond all theory of color must be the greater harmony of relation, 

The national flag should be honored on other days than Decoration Day, and Fourth of July. A 
century has been consumed in raising the flag to the top of our school-houses. Let us not spend 
another in introducing this custom of salutation, but see to it at once that we as individual teachers 
inaugurate it in our own schoolrooms. 

The plans for the making of the flag by paper-folding are here included in order that the 
teachers in the primary grades may be able to avail themselves of this beautiful device. 

The cutting of the stars, and plans for folding and cutting all kinds of simple designs in regular, 
geometrical forms will be found simple and useful in the working schoolroom. The methods em- 
ployed are entirely new, and have stood the test of the classroom. A few simple examples of 
Froebel's forms of life have been added for the teacher's use. 

It was during the War of 1812, three men on shipboard, -'by the twilight's last gleaming " had 
viewed the star-spangled banner floating proudly over Fort McHenry upon which the British troops 
were making an attack. These men were in a ship used for the the exchange of prisoners, and were 
protected from the firing, but were anxious because of the danger to the flag. One of them was 
Francis Scott Key. It was there that he wrote " The Star Spangled Banner " on the back of an old 
letter which he had in his pocket. 



Ai .-in assembly in Baltimore, the words were sung bo an old tune so well suited bo them bhat 
both words and ti, me immortal. The flag so ••proudly Boating in air" was made with fifteen 

family of i' ler who was in charge of Fort MeHenry at the time, 

and was exhibited a1 Baltimore in L880 al bhe celebration. (Pig. C). Francis Scotl Key, the author 
of ••The Star Spangled Banner," died in Baltimore in i w i>. and lies buried in Washington, D. C, 
where the bouse which was >> - ii preserved. 

The Star Spangled Banner. 

( >h. say, can you see i>> the dawn's early Light, And where are the iocs who so vauntingly swore 

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's Thai the havoc of war and the bailie's con 



lasl gleaming? 
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the 
perilous fight, 
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gal- 
lantly streamii 
And the rocket - ed glare, the bombs bursting 
in air. 
Gave proof through the uigbl thai our fiag 
was still there. 
Oh, say. does that star-spangled banner yet wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of 
the bra 

On that shore, dimly seen through the mists of 
the deep. 
"Where the foe*s haughty host in dread -deuce 
reposes. 
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering 
steep, 
As it fitfully blows, now conceals, now discloses? 
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first 
beam, 
In full glory reflected, now shines in the stream. 
'Tis the star-spangled banner ! Oh, long may it 
wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of 
the brave ! 



fusion 
A borne and a country should Leave us no more? 
Their blood has washed out their foid footsteps' 
pollution. 
Xo refuge could save the hireling and slave. 
Prom the tenor of flight or the gloom of the 
grave. 
And bhe star-spangled banner in triumph doth 
wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of 
the bra 

Oh, thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand 
Between their loved homes and the war's deso- 
lation; 
Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven- 
rescued land 
Praise the power that hath made and preserved 
us a nation. 
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, 
And this be our motto, "In God is our trust." 
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall 
wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of 
the brave! 



the: history of our flag. 



OLD GLORY 



The American flag, "Old Glory," is to all true lovers of our country the most beautiful emblem 
of a nation's power. Floating in the breeze, it means more than mere glory to the brave defenders 
who purchased by blood and treasure, freely given for the country's welfare, that union of states 
and of hearts which it symbolizes. To the true student of his country's history, its contemplation 
brings to memory the scenes of Strife on land and sea where the grand old flag was ever in the van. 

General Sherman once said : "There is more than history in that emblem ; it has a symmetry, 
a beauty, a gentle influence indescribable : it is felt when in foreign parts afloat you watch the dis- 
tant masthead and make out the fluttering stripes of white and red ; — or when in the tight pinch of 
battle, gritting your teeth and waiting for death, that flag comes over the hill to your relief, its stars 
shining like suns ' ' . 

Flags have been used by all races and nations. It is probable that as soon as men began to col- 
lect together for common purposes some kind of object was used, as the symbol of the common 
sentiment, as a rallying point of the common force. In military operations, flags became necessary 
as guides to the ordering of the different bands when on the march or in battle. Besides, it cannot 
be doubted, that flags or their equivalents have often served, by reminding men of past deeds or of 
past heroes, to rally to enthusiasm chose sentiments of esprit de corps, of family pride and honor, of 
personal devotion, of patriotism, or of religion upon which so much of success in warfare depends. 

When the children of Israel ms through the wilderness, banners with figures emblematic 

of character were carried by the different tribes, according to the old rabbinical writers. According 
to tradition, the four leading tribes. Reuben. Bphraim. Jndah. and Dan. bore as devices respectively, 
a man, an ox. a lion, and an eagle. B .-■■ ers, standards, and ensigns are frequently mentioned in the 
Bible. ••Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his standard, with the ensign of their 
father's house''. (Num. ii. 2). "We will rejoice in thy salvation, and in the name of our God we 
will set up our banners". (Ps. xx. t ). 

In the time of Cyrus, the Persians adopted for their standard a white flag with a golden eagle 
displayed. The Greeks bore various symbols. According to Homer. Agamemnon used a purple veil 
to rally his men. With the Romans the custom was reduced to a system, and every century, or at 
least each maniple, had its proper standard and standard-bearers. In the early days of the republic 
a handful of hay was borne on a pole, whence came the name Alom^pulus. Later, the forms became 
very various. In place of the bundle of hay. appeared the figure of an open hand, a wolf, a bear, a 
horse, or other animal. In the time of Marias a silver eagle, with expanded wings and holding the 
thunderbolts of Jove in its talons, was adopted as the standard of the legion. The different eagles, 
white, black, and red. with single or double heads, borne as arm \ by the countries of modern Europe, 



THE BISTORT OP OUR FLAG. 



are imitations of ihis. Of the emperors, .' ostus used a globe to symbolize his em] ire over the 

world; and Constantine adopted the cross to < tfision. The labumtm of Inter em- 

perors was similar in - i /in m wns -.> square piece of cloth fastened to a piece of wood 

fixed crosswise to the end of a The Roman standards were guarded with religious veneration 

In the temples al Rome; and the reverence of this people Eor th >ir ensigns was i tortion to their 

superiority in all thai tends to success in war. ii was aol unusual for a general to cause the stand- 
ard to be cast into the ranks of theei o add zeal to the onset of his bj exciting them 
to '.■■ a'Iku to them was the mosl sacred thing the earth possessed. The Roman soldier swore 
by h ru. 

Thi »per were probably of cloth of a single oolor. bu1 i i modern times 

a single color- have gene ! tneani 

A white flag is a token of peace. The truce flag at Appomattox was 
»wel, and a it is aov sion of Mr. 

oh.- A red flag is a token of defiance, and is 
carried by anarchists and ■ evolution] ts. Th< lag dem 

piracy, and is sometimes hoisted to indicate thai will be 

given or taken. A yellow flag indicates quarantine. 

The national flag of Greal Britiar is the resull of the combina 
the several - of England, S and 
St. I had ion patron sainl i his 
banner, a red cross upright on a white L ensign. '! inl »f Scotland 
was St. Andrew, and his was a wl ss oblique on a blue field, mes L, on suc- 
ceeding to the throne of Ei . • us anitu I crowns, issued a 

proclamation thai "all subjects of this 
shall in the maintop of their ships carry 
George's cross and the whit- mly 

gether according to the form made by 
first a nil in jack of England, and 
the union with Ireland was recognized, 
prepared which should combine the 










and of the : '.i of Great Britain 

cross commonly called St. 

called St. Andrew's cross, joined to- 

our own heralds." This form was the 
borne as the standard until L801 when 
A new ensign was then ordered to be 
oblique red cross of St. Patrick with 
the other two. The result was the "meteor flag of England"", the present Union -lurk, known 
throughout the world. Upon a field of white it forms the great national standard of England, flown 
at the mast-head of all men of war. Fields of red are used in the merchant marine, and blue in 
some other branches of the service. 



Fie. 



THE HISTORY OF OUR FLAG. 





Fig. 4. 



Pig. 5. 



But the interest of Americans must center in the evolution of our own bright flag. The people 
of our country believe that they know the national flag when they see it. yet many are certainly un- 
able to distinguish between the standard Stars and Stripes and its imitations. It should be remem- 
bered that the flag is not a hap-hazard arrangement of alternate stripes of red and white, with white 
stars on a blue field, but an emblem made in a certain definite manner prescribed by law and official 
regulations. 

The first flags used by the American colonies were naturally those of the mother country, but 
the spirit of freedom showed itself in a constant tendency to modify it to express some settled con- 
viction. In 1636. Endicott. the Puritan governor of Massachusetts, cut the cross out of the banner 
to show his hatred of Romanism, but in 1651 the parliament of the commonwealth revived the old 
standard of St. George, and it was ordered by the general court to be used on all necessary occa- 
sions. The modifications in use at different times were various. Sometimes the plain red cross was 
shown upon the white field, sometimes the field was red or blue with the red cross cantoned. Occa- 
sionally, a pine tree was placed in the upper canton formed by the cross. When the spirit of liberty 
began to sweep over the land, the modifications became plainly marked. Mottos were added indi- 
cating the purposes of the men who threw the flags to the breeze. The ••union flags " mentioned by 
the papers of 1774 were English red ensigns bearing the union jack, and mottos, such as. ■•Liberty"', 
.'Liberty and Union'', etc. As the feeling of indignation increased, the famous rattlesnake flag pi 
the Culpepper Minute Men with its mottos, '•' Liberty or Death '", and "Don't Tread on Me ". might 
well have served as a warning to the home government not to carry the oppression to the extreme. 
The first republican flag used in the South was blue with a white crescent in the upper corner, and 
was raised over the city of Charleston in September, 1775. A white flag, bearing a green pine tree 
and the motto "An Appeal to Heaven", was adopted by the provincial congress of Massachusetts, 
April 29. 1776. as the one to be used by the ships of that colony. 



THE HISTORY OF OUH FL.AG. 



y of the pal** te tree, tl ,p in the eyolu- 

k 1 Washington's I aarters a1 Cambridge, 

teen fri^s asm the flag 

;' sul,< " 

: ' ; '' ;i: '". ^cognized 

, ipes. emblematic oJ bhe union oJ the Amen- 

' the 

tir e 

I b fact that fee Con 

, e same device foi 

^ striped banner ... 

bo, ' »1 ' bridge. 

W* ' , W,shiM ■ M 

. < ... 

thai just such aflai 

■ 
erf [nd - 1 Legislation on the su* 

ieel L777. The resoluti - ■:- , <"< • 

^ lag of the bl fourteen stripes, alternate red mti 

white; Stomal ^vTSSjtl'hve 

M — i '* 1 " :< ting debate that must h 

pre Kid all ac . '' * ' 

thi Lationb bhereso] the escul : oi Washing - 

contained both stars and stripes. (Fig. I • 




1776 



Loud runs the shouts of welcome the people raised that day 
They saw the gallant cruiser come bPtitinti 1 up the bay. 
Her conquering' colors tattered and rent by storm and gale — 
Sign of a storm-tossed Union whose cause should yet prevail. 

The fathers of the nation sleep in their honored graves; 
The Ranger's dauntless captain no more may sail the waves 
Yet o'er a land of freemen, unvexed by foreign foe. 
Still floats the Hag they lifted a hundred years ago. 

O Thou whose hand almighty throughout the ages holds 
The destiny of nations, guard thou its sacred folds! 
No traitor hand dissever the white and crimson bars! 
No shadow of dishonor cloud o'er the silver stars! 

The hands that bear that stendard may never bribe allure! 
The lips that swear its fealty with thine own truth be pure! 
So shall it wave, the symbol of love that knows not race, 
lint in each human brother discerns the Father's face! 

— Marv A. P. Stansburv. 



FIG. A 



Tt)e Flag's Birthday. 

[John Paul Jones, commanding the man-o'-war Rangek. 
was the first officer of the American navy to fly the red. white, 
and blue at his mast-head. The flag w'as raised for the first 
time one hundred and seven years ago.] 

Spoke Paul Jones of the Ranger — a gallant captain he — 
" To-day, my valiant comrades, our good bark puts to sea. 
This be our boast forever, while keel shall cut the wave. 
That first she wore these colors — the flag-ship of the brave! " 

He sailed a-down the harbor, while from the mast-head flew 
The stars and stripes untarnished — the red and white and blue! 
" God smite him." cried the captain, •■ with all the blasts that 

blow. 
Who dares to strike that banner in face of any foe! " 

And o'er the hroad Atlantic ne caught the trade-wind fair. 
And braved the angry Lion within his island lair: 
Up the blue firth of Solway, on the^bright river Dee. 
Lord Selkirk's proud retainers before him bent the knee. 

High soared the flag as backward he turned the prow again 
To meet the host of Britain upon the open main. 
Where, 'mid the roar of battle, the billows foam and surge. 
Went down before that banner the standard of St. George! 




777- 



FIG. B. 



THE HISTORY OF OUR FLAG. 9 

There is no good evidence that any flag bearing the union of the stars had been in public use be- 
fore the passage of this resolution. Fiske, in his history of the United States, refers to a flag 
hoisted at Fort Stanwix, August 6, 1777, after a successful sortie and sacking of part of St. Leger's 
camp. Five British flags captured were hoisted upside down, and above them was raised a rude flag 
made of scraps of a blue jacket and a white shirt with some bits of red flannel. Congress had 
adopted the stars and stripes, and this was the first time it was ever hoisted. 

Notwithstanding the resolution ordering a national flag was not published by the secretary of 
congress until September 3. 1777, the newspapers had published it a month earlier, and it is an es- 
tablished fact that the stars and stripes waved over the patriots at Brandywine. September 11. 1777. 
Henceforth, throughout the revolution, the flag was carried in every battle. It was raised over the 
ships of the navy soon after its adoption by the army. The ship Ranger, Captain Paul Jones com- 
manding, arrived, floating the new banner, at a French port, about December 1. 1777 ; and on Febru- 
ary 14, 1778, the Banger's colors received the first salute ever paid an American flag by the vessels of 
a foreign nation. 

Uncertainty about the flag is not confined to its first appearance, but extends back to its making. 
The best evidence seems to show that much of the credit of designing the flag, and all of the credit 
of making it belongs to Mrs. Betsy Ross, who was an upholsterer residing in Arch street, Philadel- 
phia. It is claimed that General Washington and Robert Morris called upon 
Mrs. Ross in June 1776, and engaged her to make the flag from a crude drawing. 
She suggested changes in the form of the stars, and. deftly folding a piece of 
paper, showed the gentlemen how a perfect five-pointed star could be made. Gen. 
Washington seated himself in her back parlor, and redrew, in pencil, the 
outline of the flag, and she soon finished one from the sketch. The flag thus 

designed was adopted by congress, and certain dimensions prescribed : ' ; The 
entire length to be six feet six inches, and the width four feet four inches : four 
red stripes and three white to bind the blue field inclosing the stars; the stripes 
to extend to the end of the flag. " ' These proportions are still retained, the width 
being in general two-thirds of the length. The colors in our national banner rep- 
resent to us all that is noblest in our country's institutions and history. White 
usually denotes sxirrender. but with the stripes it represents purity. Red bids 
defiance, but is the symbol of valor when placed in •'Old Glory."* Blue denotes eternal vigilance. 
and perserverance in right with justice to all. Its colors represent the spirit which could lead 
Lincoln to say prophetically. " Fellow citizens, if I thought any sacrifice of mine could preserve un- 
dimmed every star in that flag. I would be willing to die on this spot." 





10 THE HISTORY i \<\. 

fcerhoo I tn !7!M. ' bo 

1 stars! 

■ t : 

iflagof Lpes, 

the ttag 
> 

sable. Tenness was ad- 

L799. Ohio 

in L816, ci 

> inquire into the 

: : ■• ; i ■ ■ resent 

ifender oi the pri Irmsttong, 

■ 
- 
the fl ! commil 

I in L817, bu1 ( Reid s be 

■ 

ates. i with the 

sugges ■- 1818,1 

of America 

"T I . ,; bed States be i hirti en 

Lave 1 by fcleld 

Of -1 

iffect on the Fourth of suchadmi 

to the . the flag of L777 \. i ,v. □ in 1 

I. olution. 

-. tn< lu number of stripes would either make the width out of proportion to tgth, or 

tie stripes so aa at they could not be distinctly a ddstanete. 

A nev. ■ ■■ By this retaliation the thirteen s' tie num- 

ber of states Who bor and resources originally effected American independence I 

stars will mark the increas • s since the present Constitution ". | Pig. !).) 



THE HISTORY OF OUR FLAG. 11 

The national flag during the war with Mexico bore twenty-nine stars in its union ; but the flag of 
the Civil War had thirty-four stars. Two states were added during the conflict. West Virginia in 
1863. and Nevada in 1864. but the regiments retained the old flags which they carried in the first 
battles. 

Until lately no provision has ever been made in regard to the arrangement of the stars, since the 
placing of them in the form of a large star passed out of practice. Some confusion exists in regard 
to the arrangement of the stars, and on any great public occasion one may 

see a variety of American flags. The flag of 1777 had the stars in a * * * * * * * * 
circle, and an early custom was to insert the stars in parallel rows across * * * * * * * 
the field of blue. This custom has always been followed in the navy. * * * * * * * 
since President Monroe's order of 1818 directing such arrangement. In * * * ' :: ' * * * * 
the army, the stars have always beer arranged in parallel horizontal rows, * * * * * * * 
although not in vertical rows. The arrangement of the stars in the navy ******** 
flags has in reality been less artistic than in the army flags, but hereafter j%. 8 . 

there will be no difference between the flags used in the navy and in the 

army. The diagram shows the present arrangement in the quincuncial order. — like the five spots 
on a domino. — so that those in each horizontel row are opposite the center of the interval between 
the adjoining two in the right hand and left hand vertical rows. Thus parallel lines appear from 
every point of view. This was the arrangement of the lines of pits mentioned in the seventh book 
of Caesar's Commentaries. 

For about ninety years our flags were made from bunting imported from England, and so we did 
not have a real American flag in the broadest sense until a large one. made at Lowell. Mass.. was pre- 
sented to the senate, by General Butler. This was raised over the senate wing of the Capitol. 
Another of the first truly American flags was flung to the breezes of the continental divide. 1868. 
when the last spike was driven into the rails of the Union Pacific Railroad. 

The flag now flies over every government building in our country. To the teacher belongs the 
sacred duty of encouraging the officers of every school, public or private, to unfurl the flag of our 
nation with the motto. " One country, one language, and one flag ", (Pig. E.) 

The flags flying over army camps and forts are now made of American bunting. The sizes. 
while prescribed by statue law. are fixed by regulations of the departments of war and the navy, 
based upon beauty, utility and convenience, and the needs of the service. There are three different 
sizes. The storm and recruiting flags measure eight feet long and four feet two inches wide ; the 
post flag is twenty feet long and ten feet wide ; and the garrison flag, hoisted only on great occasions, 
is thirty-six feet long and twenty feet wide. The union is one-third the length of the flag, and ex- 
tends to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. 



12 THE iiistoky OP on; FLAG. 

The colors carried by infantry and artill rts are o 9il Biz feet six inches long, by six 

fe< t wide, and are mounted on staffs. Tin- field is thirty-one inches Long and extends to the lower 
edge of the fourth red stripe. 

At the grand parade of the veterans in Washington in 1892, a most delightful feature was the 
il. i' . I- >ys and girl e foot of the broad avenue wh >re the men turned toward the 

White House. On i with the seats raised one above the other, something over a thousand 

schoolchildren formed a solid "flag" ipitol, reeted the C rand Army of the 

Republic with a chorus of bo Lie veterans passed the treasi rj building. Over five hundred 

boys formed the Lefl hand of the upper corner — the field of the Bag. The white dresses of the girls 
made a pleasing co with the dark blue fi the hoys. As the song poured forth, the girls 

m every other row arrayed themselves in capes and caps of re rial. Bach alternate row was 

in white capes and caps. The boys inn. fretre holding up enough gilt stars to me 

the whole appear an animated flag. When"The Star Spangled Banner " rolled forth, as sung by 
L500 voices, the efl The "Flag of the Free" was illustrated by waving small flags 

■vals, thus increasing the applau se which the design certainlj merited. 

Congress has enacted a hill I »ur flag froi ' or prostitution to base uses. 

In the records of the lions.- are these wort 

••The Bag of our country is the symbol of our national existence, power, and sovereignty. It 
is the emblem of freedom and equality, and tive of the glory of the American name. It 

is a reminder of American for - 3m, and of the suffering and sacrifice on land 

and sea which have be a en i :■■ I for its i iii >n, and for the jireservation of the country it rep- 

resents, h is the shield and protection of the citizen at home and abroad, and should be honored 
and revered by eveorj American who is a lover of his country. It should be held a thing sacred, and 
io deface, disfigure, or prostitute poses of advertising, should be held to be a crime 

against the nation, and be | such." 

"The first gun of the Confe., posed to have been the first shot fired at 

Sumpter in April. L861. But the Hag had been insulted several times before by the rebels. When 
the Star of the West steamed up the harbor of Charleston on January 9, 1861, with re-enforcements, 
ammunition, and rations for the garrison at Sumpter. and the steamer was within a mile of the 
fort, she was fired upon from the harbor, although a full size garrison flag was flown from the mast- 
head. Finding it impossible to proceed, they kept on under the fire of the battery, but the shots 
came thick and fast, striking the vessel in several places. Finding it impossible to take his com- 
mand to Fort Sumpter, the captain of the vessel was reluctantly compelled to return. This was the 
first insult offered to the flag during the Civil War. 




\y 






Red, White, and Blue. 

Kindergarten Song for Fourth-of-.Tuly. 

Soldier lad. soldier lad, 

Will you tell us true ? 
Where are you going, 

With your Red, White, and Blue ? 

Children small, children all, 

I will answer you: 
I go to serve my country. 

With the Red, White, and Blue. 

Soldier lad. soldier lad, 

May we go with you ? 
We all love our country, 

And the Red, White, and Blue. 

Tall child, straight child, 
I think I will choose you : 

For I know you'll carry safely 
The Red, White, and Blue. 



-Marv E. Sly. 



FIG. C. 

Flag Song for Washington's Birthday. 

Air. '■ Hold the Fort." 
Raise the banner, raise it proudly. 

With its colors gay: 
Raise it for the noble hero 

Who was born to-day. 
See! the glorious flag is waving 

Over land and sea. 
Waving now for him who fought 

To set our country free. 

Pretty banner in the sunlight 

Grandly floating there. 
Are you proud that truth and courage 

Made his name so fair ? 
Pretty banner, 'gainst the blue sky 

Softly wave and slow 
For the fallen hero sleeping 

Where the daisies grow. 

Will you heed the children's queries? 

Answer to our song ? 
Pretty banner on the breezes 

Send the words along : 
If we march with heads uplifted. 

Faces to the foe. 
Shall we all of us be heroes ? — 

Come, we long to know. 

— Annie K. Chase 




_-— l8l5. 



FIG D. 



THE HISTORY OF OUR FLAG. 



13 



THE CONFEDERATE FLAG. 



The old soldiers of the Union tell many stories concerning their impressions when first they 
heard the " rebel yell " and saw the rebel flag. Many say they " shivered " whenever it dawned 
upon their view, and some admit that they wanted to run whenever it appeared through the trees of 
some forest, or rose above the summit of some hill. No doubt the sudden appearance of ' ' Old 
Glory ' ' under similar ciroumstances was a cause of like feelings of dread to the soldiers in the Con- 
federate armies. But the soldiers in either army were not men who would turn away from danger. 
All were sons of Columbia, and how coiild they be otherwise than brave, no matter what might meet 
them? Some account of the historic flags of the Confederacy may not be without interest in con- 
nection with this history of the flag of our common country. Instead of floating proudly to the 
breeze for centuries to come, as was once dreamed, these rebel flags are now but mere trophies of the 
war. But it is better thus. Indeed, the story is told that a large flag of the 150th Pennsylvania 
Volunteers was captured by the rebels at Gettysburg and recaptured in the baggage of J efferson 
Davis. There can be no doubt but that a spark of patriotism for the old flag, under which he had 
fought so gallantly on the fields of Mexico, still lingered in the heart of this man who had shed his 
blood in its defense. Into his exile he would carry the emblem which he had once loved so well, and 
in its sacred presence atone for the effort that he had made to destroy the government which it rep- 
resented. Is it too charitable an act to credit Davis with this last remaining spark of love for 
•' Old Glory " ? 

At the beginning of the Civil War, the South experienced diffi- 
culty in determining upon a distinctive flag for its forces. The old 
4 ' Stars and Stripes ' ' were as much a part of southern history as of 
northern ; and many people in the Confederacy disliked to part with 
the old banner under which their fathers had fought on many a hard 
and bloody field. When at last they chose the '"Stars and Bars", it 
was a flag so like the old embelm of an unbroken country that it was 
frequently mistaken on the battlefield for the Federal flag. Previous 
to the adoption of the rebel flag, and during the heated discussion of 
the subject, Prof. Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, made the sug- 
gestion that the flag be cut in two. and a half given to each section. 
The plea is pathetic in the extreme. ■• Referring to this as on a map, '" he said, "the upper portion 
being north and the lower portion south, we have the upper end of the division of the blue field, and 
then six and one-half stripes for the flag of the North. Then we have the lower part of the blue 
field, and six and one-half stripes for the Southern flag. The number of stars in either blue field 




14 



:.n;\ OF OUR FLAG. 



shall ; i t» the numberof states in thai confederacy. The reasons for this division are obvi- 

the old flag by either confederacy, [t is distinctive, for 

,. |: for each other, eitl i istance on land. Each lag, being a 

par1 oj - r | „. ^ Hi i '•» moriesof the pas* tor the sober reflection 

• - aneforeign nation or combination of nations, fee 
..,.,,,,,. Qa gs . and the glorious old ; c the 

Union, in its enti rould be hoisted once i I all the sister states. " This division 

.... aowe luntry'sflag floats over the undivided 

,,u wii.'; - to heai ■ 3ps band. 

The first flag of the ( iraoy, tl ars and Bars, " was adopted by the provisional con- 

L 1861 reporl qi the cop flag and seal •• 

SI ktes, submitted by its oh William Porcher Miles. The design of this flag con- 

... hh awhite ■; : " e •'• :; " ' ' '" "''"' ll!: '' li;al '" ' 

.. the ;i;., be of the same width as the 

mionblue, extending down thr stopping at the Lower red 

i ; in the center of tl g in number with the states in 

This was a retiu >f the stars in the old Revolutionary flag. 

The charter i boa, Mississip] i »ama, Georgia, 

Louisiana, and Texas 3 • ted 

-ir.ally in the field of tl tia, Tenn< - isas, 

North Carolina lick success 

iber up to eleven. 

William Porcher Miles ■ ttb Oa »Kna, claims I 

ted the confeden tie Hag, >tion by 

provisional congress. On the other I 

t the design is due to E< is flag was adopt- 

edb at the battle of Bull Run tbi ii the 

ike of battle several times mistaken for the old flag. This battle 

flag was the southern altire in blue and white, extending 

across the whole flag on a red tield. with thirteen s1 , - on the cross. 

The •• Stars and Bars " were formally abandoned as the " National " flag of the confederate 
states, on May 1. 1863, presumably for the same reason that had caused the flag to be discarded as a 
battle flag— that it looked too much like the Stars and Stripes. The new flag wis as follows : T 
field to be white ; the length double the width of the flag, with the union (now used as a battle f! 
to be a square of two-thirds the width of the flag, having the ground red ; thereon a broad saltire of 




THE HISTORY OP OUR FLAG. 



15 





Fig. 11. Pig. 12. 

blue, bordered with white, and emblazoned with white mullets or five-pointed stars, corresponding 
in number to that of the confederate states. (Fig. 11.) 

On March 4, 1865, the Confederacy again changed its flag by providing "that the flag of the 
Confederate States shall be as follows : The width two-thirds of its length, with the union (now 
used as a battle flag) to be in width three-fifths of the width of the flag and so proportioned as to 
leave the length of the field on the side of the union twice the width of the field below it ; to have 
the ground red and a broad blue saltire thereon, bordered with white and emblazoned with mullets or 
five-pointed stars ; the field to be white, except the outer half from the union to be a red bar, ex- 
tending the width of the flag.'' It was claimed that when the flag adopted May 1, 1863, fell limp 
around the flagstaff it looked like a flag of truce, and the red bar was added to prevent such mistake. 

A few plain figures taken from the war records will be of interest in this connection. 

When the southern states seceded from the union, over one-eighth of the population consisted of 
slaves. About 175,000 of these entered the service of the United States, and fought nobly for their 
own freedom. There were nearly 3,000,000 men engaged in the defense of the flag. Some 67,000 of 
these belonged to the standing army, while the great body of men were volunteers. 

Of the troops in the union army two-thirds were American born, while the greater part of the 
remaining third were naturalized citizens. All of these rallied unhesitatingly to the support Of 
the flag. They found dearth on 2,400 fields of blood. 

The number of union men killed in battle and who died on the field was 61,382. There were 
34,773 died of wounds, 183,287 died of disease. 306 were accidentally killed, 6.749 were missing in 
action and never accounted for, 174,577 were honorably discharged, 224,306 were discharged for disa- 
bility, and 22.281 resigned. One half a million men lost their lives in the war. 



ir. 



HiOTO tV OF OUR '■'!. \c. 



SALUTATION OF THL FLAG. 



The salutation of the nation* ff coun*y originated in the schook <rf the 

the City oi Nev, york.th arte of Col. George \. Lair,., who 

ldren Lnsomeof the simpler duties of American citizenship 
aevised a plan n and si tea spiril of patriotism among the pupils. I mimuent 

developing a distinctively an idea, he placed 

!h , th(>s;l , i flag. Another important e *fc Lch he m troduced 

ichthequestio L g the salutation of the 

Ha bmittedtotl ' " baUot " ( ° v< "' '; >U " 

"ilsv,, - . SSbTS AmeS 

d was i ' '"" powers ' 

.■it rordfl o ll -'" li ;m "- 

We oive our Heads! and our Hearts! to Our Country! 
One Country! One Lanouaae! One Flao'. 

given i 
•• You may now salute the , . ., 

,. M ' ; B ,! " A ' ,lH " :u; 8ta g 

'°2. The whole school • e gin ach pupil standing erecl and firm, 

a The rieht arm is extended, pointing directly to the flag. 

' forehead lightly will,, tin- tips of the .fingers of ^the 

;1 | ha ,;;; ',;;,„„,, «faL A. flu fingers touch the forehead these 

,rds are uttered in a clear voice "We g ds — „.,„.,-i< 

5 T!h . pigh1 ,,,. to thelefl and placed over the heart, with the words 

•• And our 1 the movement. 

6 The . and falls quickly to the side, and then the words come, " to our country. 

7 Standing erect, the children exclaim "One Country! One Language! 

8 Suddenly the right hand ded at full length toward theflag-the pupil m graceful pose 
ehes toward Ike flag, exclaiming with force, one flag! 

The children in all of our schools need this daily reminder of the meaning of the words 

This salute has a meaning , beyond , baching -to ^«g»gj ^njofftj 

schoolroom " If the children be made to understand, says < ol. Balch that by tms ^uneyonw 

to their^ountry thei? love, their gratitude, and their devotion, then indeed WiH the end m view be 

accomplished." 



V. 



frit****** 
\ ******* 

I *+****-x\ 

********* 
a******* 




FIG. E. 



The flmericar) Flag- 

When Freedom, from her mountain height 
Unfurl'd her standard to the air. 

She tore the azure robe of night. 
And set the stars of glory there. 

She mingled with its gorgeous dyes 

The milky baldric of the skies. 

And striped its pure, celestial white. 

With streakings of the morning light : 

Then from his mansion in the sun 

She call'd her eagle bearer down : 

And gave into his mighty band 

The symbol of her chosen land. 

Majestic monarch of the cloud. 

Who rear'st aloft thy regal form. 
To hear the tempest trumpings loud 
And see the lightning lances driven. 

When strive the warriors of the storm. 
And rolls the thunder-drum of heaven. 
Child of the sun ! to thee 'tis given 

To guard the bannerol the free. 
To hover in the sulphur smoke. 
To ward away the battle-stroke. 
And bid its blendings shine afar. 
Like rainbows, on the cloud of war. 

The harbingers of victory. 

Flag of the brave ! thy folds shall fly. 
The sign of hope and triumph high. 
When speaks the signal trumpet tone. 
And the long line comes gleaming on : 
Ere vet the life blood, warm and wet. 



lias dimm'd the glistening bayonet. 
Each soldier eye shall brightly turn 
To where thy sky-born beauties burn : 
And as his springing steps advance. 
Catch war and vengeance from the glance. 
And when the cannon-mouthings loud 
Heave in wild wreaths the battle-shroud. 
And gory sabers rise and fall 
Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall : 
Then shall thy meteor glances glow. 

And cowering foes shall sink beneath 
Each gallant arm that strikes below 

That lovely messenger of death. 

Flag of the seas! on ocean wave 
Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave : 
When death, careering on the gale, 
Sweeps darkly sound the bellied sail. 
And frightened waves rush wildly back. 
Before the broadside's reeling rack. 
Each dying wanderer of the sea 
Shall look at once to heaven and thee, 
And smile to see thy splendors Hy 
In triumph o'er his closing eye. 

Flag of the free heart's hope and home! 

By angel hands to valor given: 
Thy stars have lit the welkin dome. 

And ail thy lines were born in heaven. 
Forevei float that standard sheet! 

Where breathes the foe that falls before us. 
With freedom's soil beneath our feet. 

And freedom's banner streaming o'er us ! 

— Joseph Rodman Drake. 



FORMS OP BEAUTY USED IN MAKING THE FLAG. 



17 



A FLAG BY FOLDING. 



with a piece of strong cord passed through the 



-seven m number — should be 30 

Mount the squares upon a piece 

end near the 



Many of the forms given in the diagrams in •' FroebePs Square " may be used with good effect 
in the production of many ornaments for the schoolroom. Thus the making of a flag will be found 
an interesting variation of the usual exercises in paper folding. Have each child fold three or four 
of the forms of any of the simple designs, shown in Figs. 18 — 22, or 24 — 28., using red, white, and 
blue squares for the purpose. Let the children paste these units upon a large sheet of manila paper 
so as to form a Union flag with its thirteen stripes and forty-five stars in the field of blue. The stars 
may be oat out according to the folding shown in Figs. 13 — 16, " The Five Pointed Star," and should 
be pasted over the blue units used in making the field. The spirit of co-operation incident to the 
making is basic in the education of the children, since society will require of them unity of aim in 
after life. The flag may be made for use on Washington's birthday, or other national holiday. One 
hundred thirty-two squares are required for the seven red stripes, and one hundred seventeen squares 
for the white stripes. Sixtj^three squares are required for the blue field. In this design, the field 
should be 14 inches wide and 18 inches long. The short stripes- 
inches long, while the six long stripes should be 48 inches long, 
of manila 26 inches by 49 inches 
field. (Fig, F.) THE FIVE POINTED STAR. 

The five-pointed star used in the field of the American flag may be 
folded and cut out according to the following plan: — 

Fold the front edge of the square over to touch the back edge, and 
form the oblong rectangle. 

Divide the right-hand edge into three parts, marking the upper third 
by a slight crease. Bring the front left corner of the oblong over to 
touch the right edge at this point, so that the angles seen (Fig. 14) shall 
be in the ratio of 1 to 2. Fold the small angle over the large one ; again 
fold the paper over until Fig. 15 is folded up into five small angles. 
i Cut the paper along the line shown in Fig. 16, and unfold to 
Allow the children to cut out these stars from squares of white 
Forty-five of the stars, arranged in parallel lines on a oblong 
make the field of the flag. The first, fourth, and last lines 
should contain eight stars, while three should 

contain seven each 



(Fig. 16 
the star 
paper, 
of blue, 







14 



15 



16 



is 



FORMS OK RK.U'TY ISKI) IN MAKINt; THE FLAG. 



Forms of Beautu from the Square, 



HIRST BASIS OR FUNDAMENTAL. 



IN - ' 



As the basis of thefirsl series of forms of beauty, we shall bake the f orm of life folded in Les- 
son Vic Timary Lessons. (FroebeTs Squai 

handkerchief box, and may be folded according to 
directions: — 

1. Fold ili>' two diameters ami two diagonals of the square. 
i 'in' square, and fold each corner to the center. Turn the 

paper over, and again turn the corners to the center. To make the 
second in sequence, 

2. er corners of fchesmall squares over ther gaiter 
c >rne igle in each corner. (Fig. 18.) 

3. Fold tit" .tit x over to the middle of the opposite base in 
each ti ii ig. 19. | 






l, 



4 i .i|. ;i . pig, ; ed parts along the diagonals of the small 

si|u;iivs to form h graph holder. (Fig. - 




I A 




sN 


X ~" 


• 


- -N 


^, N 




<7 







5. Smooth the paper back to the fundamental after making Fig. 18, and fold the inner corners 
of the little squares to the centers of the diagonals. (Fig. 21.) 

6. Fold these laps around the creased diagonals backward toward the corners. (Fig. 22.) 



FORMS OF BEAUTY USED IN MAKING THE FLAG. 



19 



SECOND BASIS OR FUNDAMENTAL. 




23 



i. Fold the table cloth form as given in the Primary Lessons, 
and make from this the six-sided form shown in Fig. 27 of the 
same leesons. Take any one of the sharp points, and opening out 
the little pocket as at a, press it down flat to the center. Do the 
same with all four. This fundamental is rich in forms of beauty 
which may be used in making frames for school work, birthday 
charts, valentines, flags, and mottoes. The four-pointed stars and 
crosses of Figs. 26, 27, 28, are very pretty for these designs. 

Let the children join in making their work a united and com- 
mon one, and there will come forth a beautiful combination as the 
result of unity of thought and action. The glazed papers are very 

pretty for this sequence of forms. The figures are brought out in relief in white upon a colored 

background in many of the derived forms. 

2. Fold the corner e back to f, (Fig. 23,) and do the same with the other points at the center. 
(Fig. 24.) 

3. Notice the upper left-hand square of Fig. 23. Fold down its upper right corner to the 
diagonal at c. Fold up to the lower right corner of the upper right hand square, and complete by op- 
posites. (Fig. 25.) 

4. Fold Fig. 25, and turn over the remaining corners of the squares. (Fig. 26.) 

5. The next pattern is the opposite of Fig. 26. making the same pattern, but showing the 
smooth side uppermost. (Fig. 27.) 

6. Fold the fundamental Fig. 23, and form four kite-shaped figures with the right angles at the 
center and smooth side out. The edges of the small squares are made to coincide with the diagonals. 
See the four-pointed star. (Fig. 28.) 

7. Fold from the fundamental the reverse ''kites " with acute points at the center. 



5- 

\ 

/ 

C 


A 

! i ?S 




WW 

y \ 




24 



25 



26 



28 



POBMS OF un;. m:.\rTY. AND KNOWLEDGES, 

THE CUTTING OF REGULAR GEOMETRICAL FIGURES. 




a 







29 



180' 



**** icai % h as the square, the equilateral triangle 

■ ,M '- h «'l"^— ^ek,, together wit* the derived forms 

: - 'l"atn>i„il. d SIa ,, ete( illV()1 , os 

simpl J ,i: " ' ; ' ' ,l '" straight-angle [180«] into two, three, ! 

five ' >; ' 8even - "••''"• ;:i ""- orten equal p s tivelv 

•r has mi of the 

I in the 1 alappli- 

'''"' c her,noknowledgeofthehighermathema 

- a sections are alone used. 

division^ the straight angle is breach case performed by 

■H r Wangle by first folding the standard square to 

a the oblong rectangle, (Fig. 30), and then bringing the lower left corner 

otouchthe poinl a, variously located along the 
' side or upper side of the oblong. 

' :;mv •»" Possess a value beyond that which 

- hare ae forms of beauty or forma of knowledge. The introduction 

them forms ol life through their Historical associations. 

r* of life, since they Were us, ,1 by the various corps of the 

The Greek cro^s of the Sixth Army Corps was found be- 

^Corps , , , bard-fought field. Let the children cut out 

- s as the s 1 ia ncello burg is told. 





36 



FORMS OF LIFE. BEAUTY. AND KNOWLEDGE. 



21 



To Cut the Four Pointed Star, the Quatrefoil, Etc. 



1. Fold the oblong, Fig. 37, and bring the front left corner 
over to touch the front right corner a. (Fig. 38.) 

2. Fold a over to touch c to form the right isosceles tri- 
angle. (Fig. 39.) 

3. Cut obliquely from Jc to n, (Fig. 44), and the four-pointed 
star, (Fig. 55), is made. [See method page 114, Froebel's Square.] 

4. Fold Fig. 39. and cut along the curve elf [a quadrant] 
(Fig. 45) to form the quatrefoil. (Fig. 56.) 

5. Fold Fig. 38, and cut along the arc of a circle from a to c, 
(Fig. 47), and the circle appears. (Fig. 59.) 

6. Fold Fig. 39, and open to Fig. 38. Bring the side ah 
into the diagonal bn. (Fig. 40.) Also, bring the side be over to 
the diagnoal bn. (Fig. 41.) 

7. Make the regular octagon, (Fig. 57,) by cutting along the 
line sm of Fig. 41. 

8. Fold Fig. 41 along the diagonal bn, and form 42. the basis 
of many eight-sided forms. 

9. Cut along the oblique line om, Fig. 46, and make the eight- 
pointed star. 

10. The badges of the First, Third, Fifth, Sixth, Tenth, Sixteenth. 
Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Army Corps, can be cut from Fig. 38 and 
Fig. 39, by simple modification of these units. (Fig. 31 — 60.) ,•? 

\ There could be no better busy -work or seat oc- 

/ s \ cupation for a class in history than the cutting out 

of some of the badges of the various army corps. 
II. Fold Fig. 40. and cut along the line am 

produced. When this is opened, the octagon is 

shown divided into halves, fourths, eighths, and 

sixteenths. (Fig. 43.) 






B2 



FORMS OF LIFE. BEAUTY. AND KNOW I.KIXI E, 



Paper cutting may be used to supplement the paper folding in the production of forms of beauty, 
and thus to the, resources of folding may be a Lded an infinite variety of new forms. In truth, the 




44 15 W 17 48 « 

little square of paper may become to the obild "a wnote gtometag and a took of art/' as a slgidenl 
of Froebel has said. 

The cutting of the paper wiU be Coupda Carorite occupation >vi'i> tli.- iir.U' children, and, in- 




50 51 52 58 54 

deed, is not without its fascinations for older pupils. By making suitable provision of material for 
work, we may find that we have prevented perversion of a natural instinct to seek out material to 
work' with— an instinct which, uncontroled. leads to the tearing down instead of the upbuilding of 
whatever may be within reach. It will be seen that this work in cutting will become a magnificent 
source of self-instruction. The desk-work should be done in connection with the ordinary lessons. 




FORMS OF LIFE, BEAUTY, AND KNOWLEDGE. 



To Fold the Square for Cutting the Equilateral Tri- 
angle, the Hexagon, the Six-Pointed Star, Etc. 

1. Fold the oblong, and open out to the square. 

2. Divide the lower edge by a short crease at the center, bringing 
the right corner over the left, (1) ; the right half at its center (2), and j 
the right-hand quarter at its center, a, (Fig. 61.) Fold back to the 
oblong. (Fig. 62.) 

3„ Bring the front left corner of the oblong up to touch j 
point a, and crease carefully. (Fig. 63.) 

4. Fold along the line a & to form the 60° angle abd. Figs. 

64—65.) 

To Cut the Equilateral Triangle. 

5. Fold Fig. 64. and cut along the line af parallel to cd. (Fig. 65.) 

Open out to 'Fig. 72. 




61 



OD 





02 



To Cut the Regular Hexagon. 

6. Fold Fig. 64 and turn it over, (Fig. 66); cut along df 
parallel to a c. This- gives the hexagon creased in sixths. 
(Fig. 73.) 

7. Fold Fig. 64, and cut along the line an. (Fig. 67.) 
Unfold to the three-pointed star. (Fig. 74.) 

To Cut the Trefoil. 

8.' T: . Fold Fig. 64, and cut along the curved line cd, Fig. 68. 
to form the trefoil. (Fig. 75.) 

9. Fold Fig. .64, and cut along the line mv. Fig. 69. to 
form the design shown in Fig. 76. 

To Cut the Regular hjsxagon. 

SO. Fold Fig. 70. and bisect the angle a b d by turning the 
edge bd. Fig. 70. over to meet a o (Fig. 71). and then turn- 
ing" the edge b c underneath to meet ab, (Fig. 78.) Cut along 
the line dm, and form, the regular liexaggn, (Fig. 79.) 



24 



FORMS OF LIFE. BEAUTY, AND KNOWLEDGE. 



II. Fold Pig. 7--. and cut through m along the Line m o parallel to the edge a n. (Fig. 71). ) See 
the six-pointed star. (Fig. 90.) This i - he badge of the Eighth Army. Corps during the Civil War, 

>>a< ^>,< >\ c ' 





*> b h 

86 67 88 69 70 71 

12. Fold 78, and make the cuts shown in Figures 79 89, producing the forms shown in 




1 1 



'- •'■'• 74 7."> 76 

90 101. The regular twelve-sided figure to shown in Fig. 99, and the twelve-pointed star 
isr. 100. 








80 81 82 83 

Wiebe - ' We do not intend simply to while away our own and the children's precious time. 

but are engaged in an occupation whose final aim is the acquisition of ability to work, and to work 



FORMS OF LIFE. BEAUTY. AND KNOWLEDGE. 



25 



well — one of the most important claims human society is entitled to make upon each individual. ' ' 
Beautiful designs may be made by arranging these folded forms of beauty in the form of a square, a 
cross, or a star. Select a striking but easy form at first, and several harmonious colors may be used 









84 85 86 87 88 89 

if desired. Good effects may be secured by the imitation of inlaid work. Thus we may set a Latin 
or Greek cross of one color in a square or oblong of its complementary color, using different fold- 
ings for the design and its background. 




C^ 




JO 91 92 93 94 95 

In the first work of the children, the fundamentals should be made from the square ; afterward 
the equilateral triangle may be taken as a basis. Ample time should be given to the children for the 




96 97 98 99 

invention of new forms of beauty, as it is very easy and fascinating, 
can be accurately gauged by the free productions of her pupils. 



100 101 

The effect of a teacher's work 



•_v, 



FORMS OF LIFE. BEAUTY. AND KNOWLEDGE. 



To Cut trje Regular Pentagon. 

1. Fold the oblong, and divide the righl hand edge Into three 
parts, marking the upper third by a slight crease, a. ( Fig. L02.) 

2. Bring the lower Left corner up to touch this point. 6. 
(Pig. 103.) 

3. Fold the paper along the line ab to Form Pig. let. and 
then backward along be to form Pig. 105. 

4. Cut along the edge ac, Pig. L06, and open the paper to the regw 
la r i>< ntagon. (Pig. 1 1*.) 

5. Cut along the oblique line am, Pig. L07, and open to the five 
pointed star. (Pig. H9.) This is the form used Cor the stars in the 
American flag, and was the badge of the Twelfth and Twentieth Army- 
Corps. Beautiful modifications of this form may be made by changing 
the direction of the en t. 

6. When the arc of a circle is introduced. Pig. L08, the ornamenlal 
foliation, used in the arches of windows and in panelingS, is produced. 
This is called the cbnque-foil. (Fig. L20.) 

7. Cut the badge of the Twenty-second Corps by cutting off the 
vertex of one of the angles of Pig. 106. thus making Fig. 109. opening 
to Fig. 121. 

8. The potato blossom is shown in Pig. 122, and the fire pink in 
Fig. 128. 

9. The ten-pointed star. Fig. L59, and the regular decagon. Fig. 
I •">. may be cut from Fig. 117. 

10. Other beautiful variations are suggested by the figures s'hown. 
Primary work in Number may be fixed in mind and developed by use 

of these lessons in geomdtrical paper folding and cutting. 

The main purposes of this work, however, are to give familiarity 
with the common plane figures of geometry, to train the eye and hand. 
to give ability to understand directions, and to cultivate the power of 
accurate expression in language. 



a 



102 




FORMS OF LIFE. BEAUTY. AND KNOWLEDGE. 



In order to get good results from children, it is absolutely necessary that the folding and cutting 
be done by each child in the same way. The papers should, in general, remain throughout the ex- 





109 



110 



111 



ercise in the same relative position as at first, and the paper should not be lifted from the desk. The 
lessons and the accompanying directions are so arranged that the papers are to be placed in one 






m y 
116 

given position from which all the movements shall start. The teacher should always use the correct 
names of the figures, and have the children do the same. The folding should be done from dictation 
rather than imitation, and the teacher should not fold as the directions are give. 




121 ' 122 

Children are best taught b3^ means of individual 
experience and production ; and action should be the foundation and constant companion of learning. 



118 119 120 

Let each child cut and fold and draw the form. 






FORMS OF UKK. BEAUTY, AND KNOWLEDGE. 



The teacher should Lead the pupfls into self-cons, i„„s. regulated work in observation, She may 

be assumed thai the mathematical eaeirted will bagweped without difficulty or seeming 

These forms, which Froebel calls farms of beauty and of lcnowledye, will aid the child u. 





x^C) 



v 

,.... ,-, L25 L26 < I-" 

;u , lini , n „. mathematical conceptions. The teacher should be careful that too much -word mstruc- 

tton" be not given The child makes, observes, compares, and expresses its perceptions ^language. 




The observations! by the exercise of the memory, become the mental property of the child, while at 
le same time the mind is developed . *ned. Do not make the mistake of supposing 







a child is « how t„ „,„,,, when he is simply listening to what the teacher tells 
abont the various forms. The child should exercise its various powers „,„!<;■ ixrecfwn. 



FORMS OF LIFE, BEAUTY, AND KNOWLEDGE. 



29 



A* 

j 
J 



h 



138 b 



To Cut the Regular Heptagon, the Seven-Point ed Star, Et c 

1. Fold the oblong, and bisect 
the right-hand edge by a short 
crease. Mark the point a, one-six- 
teenth inch below center. [This 
angle may also be obtained by fold- 
ing from the center of the right- 
hand edge of the oblong to the 
center of the lower edge.] Fig. 
138 b. 

2. Bring the lower left corner up to touch a. and crease 

carefully. (Fig. 139.) 

3. Fold the paper around the edge ab, Fig. 140, and then 
bring the edge bd over to touch be. (Fig. 141.) 

4. Fold the paper backward along be, Fig. 142. Cut par- 
allel to ac, Fig. 143, and open to the regular heptagon. (Fig. 133) 

5 Fold as for the regular heptagon, and cut along the 
oblique line am, Fig. 144 ; open to the seven-pointed star. (Fig. 

134.) 

6. Many variations are shown in the figures 143—148. The 

last gives the fourteen-pointed star when the cuts are straight 

lines. 

We find that in many cases the forms of life and knowledge 
are contained, as it were, in the forms of beauty. Thus these 
ornamental, symmetrical forms will often represent real or con- Q 
crete things, while at the same time the attention of the child 
may be attracted to an observance of the mathematical relations. 
A rosette or a star may be a form of life, a form of knowledge, 
and a form of beauty, all at once. Having many lines and 
angles symmetrically placed, they are forms of beauty; the rela- 
tions between these lines and angles show forth the forms of 



a 



L38 




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ent doing, and the botehing and patching aecessar^ to cover the riulte of careless worl 



FORMS OF LIFE. BEAUTY. AND KNOWLEDGE. 



31 




161 



To Cut the Regular Nonagor;. 

1. Fold to the oblong rectangle, and crease the right-hand side in thirds. (Fig. 160.) 

2. Fold the lower left corner over to touch the lower third at the point a. (Fig 161.) 

3. Fold the paper around the edge ab. Fig. 162. and 
fold around the edge be. (Fig. 163.) 

4. Fold the edge b d over to touch the line ab. Fig. 160 
164. 

5. Fold the paper backward along the crease a b. 
Fig. 165. 

6. Cut along the line an, Fig. 149, perpendicular to 
the side, and open to the regular nonagon. (Fig'. 158.) 

7. Cut along the oblique line ad, Fig. 150. and make 
the nine-pointed star. (Fig. 157.) 

8. Cut along am, Fig. 165. and open to the regular 
figure of eighteen sides. Make the eighteen-pointed 
star. etc. 

To Fold the Regular Decagoi). 

Fold the form shown in Fig. 105 as that of the folding 
for the regular pentagon. Bisect the angle by folding its 
sides together, and form Figure 152, from which by differ- 
ent cuts shown in Figs. 152, 153, and 154 the decagon, ten- 
potnted star, and many other forms may be derived. 
(Figs. 158 and 159.) 

The comparison of each of the derived forms with pre- 
ceding forms will be found of the greatest value as a 
means of developing the reasoning faculties of the chil- 
dren. It will not be necessary in all cases to have the 164 
pupils make lists of|the facts of form, since these details 
will appear in the comparisons for likenesses and differ- 
ences. 





IKA1 PY. AND KNOWLEDGE. 





L66 L67 

To Mok.e the Japar>ese Turtle- 
|. i - ml of the square by bringing the fronl left corner. [Fig. 166.] 

2. Bring the front acute L unfold to the shawl. [Pig. 167.] 

3. Bring thft acute ai ich Kherighl angle, and do the same with the back 
acute angle. | Pig. 168.] 

4. Fold the two acute points, th ow round a1 tli<> hack righl corner, dverto the front left 
corner. | Pig. L6 

5. Bring one of these acute angles over to the front right corner, ami the other over to the 
back lefl corner. 

6. Unfold, and bring the fold. - into the creases just made. [Fig. 170]. 
Sec the : ;-ont feet of the turtle. 






168 169 1"0 

7. Now you will need a pair of scissors. Look at the back left corner, and notice that it is 
double, with one right angle on another, and a fold running to the center of the square. Cut along 



FORMS OF LIFE. BEAUTY. AND KNOWLEDGE. 



33 



m 






V 

1 TO 
I/O 

this fold on the upper paper to the middle of the square. Now there are two acute angles toward 
you. Bring one of these over to the right angle on the right, and the other over to the right angle 
on the left. Unfold, and bring the edges of the cut over into the creases just made, thus making the 
back legs of the turtle. [Fig. 171.] 

8. Next fold over the right corner of the square so it will touch a point on the central line 
about one -quarter inch from the center of the square. Fold over the left corner in the same way. 
[Fig. 172.] 

9. Take the back right angle and fold it toward the center of the square, making a straight 
line from left to right even with the front legs. 

JO. Unfold, and cut on this line on each side half way to the center. Then cut at right angles 
from the outer edge to meet these cuts. This completes the head. Take the front right angle and 
fold along the line of the back legs from right to left. Cut along the dotted lines of [Fig. 172], and 
the tail is made. Turn the head up and the tail down, and a very nervous turtle appears. [Fig. 173.] 



THE END. 









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